In order to achieve better starting performance of diesel engine in extreme low-temperature environment, the relevant parameters affecting the starting of diesel engine were researched. Through orthogonal simulation, the influence of environmental factors (intake pressure, intake temperature), design parameters (compression ratio, combustor reentrant ratio, nozzle diameter), control parameters (injection temperature, pilot injection quantity, start of main injection, main injection duration, injection interval between pilot injection and main injection) on diesel engine starting process under low-temperature conditions were studied. The key parameters affecting the starting process of diesel engine were extracted by range analysis. Meanwhile the parameters matching of each factor were studied by taking the cylinder pressure, the cylinder temperature and the instantaneous heat release rate as evaluation indexes. The results show that the environmental factors and control parameters have a higher degree of influence on the starting process of diesel engine. Intake pressure, intake temperature, start of main injection and main injection duration are the key parameters affecting the starting of diesel engine under low temperature conditions, and combination one is selected as the best parameter matching combination. The key parameters influencing the low temperature starting process of diesel engine are obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the starting effect of diesel engine under low temperature.