In order to explore a new method for the separation and extraction of cellulose, cellulose is extracted from waste biomass corn cobs by deep eutectic solvent(DES), in which 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and choline chloride (ChCl) are used as the donor and the acceptor of hydrogen bonds, respectively. The influence of the molar ration of ChCl to BDO, the treatment temperature, the interaction time and liquid-solid ratio to fiber material yield and cellulose content under ordinary pressure is investigated through experiment. The structures of raw materials and the products are characterized by using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TG/DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result shows that the fiber material yield and cellulose content are 44.6% and 77.8%, respectively under the optimum conditions which are ChCl-BDO molar ration of 1∶3, treatment temperature of 180 ℃, reaction time of 4 h and liquid-solid ration of 20∶1(g∶g), and under the condition, the removal rate of lignin and hemicellulose are 95% and 75%, respectively, with only losing a little cellulose. The FT-IR, TG/DTG, XRD and SEM results show that the lignin and hemicellulose in the corn cobs are greatly removed after DES treatment. The fiber material internal is more loose and the structure of the cellulose is barely damaged. The result shows that DES has a good prospect in the field of cellulose separation and extraction.